Gratitude , compliment, and congratulation
Gratitude , compliment, and congratulation
Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say "thank you" when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Here are some expressions of gratitude
• Thank you very much…
• Thanks…
• I want to thank…
• I keep forgetting to thank you for…
• I should like to Express my gratitude…
• I’m very much obliged to you…
• How can I thank you?
• I’m very grateful to you…
• Thank for your help…
Respon of expressing
- You are welcome.
- Don’t mention it!
- Not at all.
- It was nothing at all.
- No problem.
- Glad to be of help.
- (it was) my pleasure.
- I am glad I could help.
- I am glad I could do it.
- No big deal
- That’s all right.
- Any time
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing
• What a nice dress?
• You look great
• You look very nice
• I really must express my admiration for you
• Good grades
• Excellent
• Good grades!
• Excellent!
• Good job!
• You look beautiful/ handsome
Response
• Thank you.
• Really?
• I will
• Thanks a lot, etc.
Time to expressing compliment
• On his/her general appearance
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
• When you visit someone’s house for the first time
When other people do their best
Definition
of
Congratulation
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Expressing
• Let me congratulate you
• Happy birthday!
• Happy Lebaran Day!
• Merry Christmas!
• Happy New Year!
• Happy Valentine!
• Good!
• That’s great!
• How fortunate.
• Splendid.
• Pretty good.
• Congratulations!
Responding
• Thank you
• Thanks, I needed that.
• That’s very kind of you.
• It’s very kind of you to say that.
• Do you really think so?
• You’ve made my day!
• The same to you.
• I’m glad you like it. Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so.
Kamis, 04 Maret 2010
Surprise and Disbeliefs
Surprise and Disbeliefs
To express surprise! That’s a surprise
- What a surprise! That’s a surprise
- (Well), that’s very surprising!
- Really?
- What
- Are you serious? You must be joking!
- You’re kidding!
- Fancy that!
- I must say … surprises me
- I find that hard to believe
Example of expressing surprise
Joe : Are you serious? You must be joking!
Kevin: That’s true
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what
- Believe it or not
- You may not believe it, but
- Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expression :
- Really?
- Are you joking?
- Oh?
- Where? Show me
To express surprise! That’s a surprise
- What a surprise! That’s a surprise
- (Well), that’s very surprising!
- Really?
- What
- Are you serious? You must be joking!
- You’re kidding!
- Fancy that!
- I must say … surprises me
- I find that hard to believe
Example of expressing surprise
Joe : Are you serious? You must be joking!
Kevin: That’s true
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what
- Believe it or not
- You may not believe it, but
- Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expression :
- Really?
- Are you joking?
- Oh?
- Where? Show me
Narrative Text
Narrative Text
Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/ non fiction/ tales/ folktales/ fables/ myths/ epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Generic Structure
- Orientation
- Complication
- Evaluation (Optional)
- Resolution
- Orientation : It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened
- Evaluation : Is optional; it is usually used to make the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can here more than one complication.
- Resolution : It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written
- Coda : It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life
Example : three little pig, cinderella,
Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/ non fiction/ tales/ folktales/ fables/ myths/ epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Generic Structure
- Orientation
- Complication
- Evaluation (Optional)
- Resolution
- Orientation : It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened
- Evaluation : Is optional; it is usually used to make the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can here more than one complication.
- Resolution : It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written
- Coda : It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life
Example : three little pig, cinderella,
Modals
Modals
Modal Verbs of Probability
Listed below are examples and uses of modal verbs of probability. Modal verbs of probability are used to express an opinion of the speaker based on information that the speaker has. Example: He must be at work, it's 10 o'clock. In this case, the speaker is 100 % sure that the person is at work based on the speaker's knowledge that the person in question usually works at during the day.Examples Usage
They must be in Spain by now.
She must have done well on the test. Use 'must' plus the verb when you are 100% (or almost 100%) sure that something is the case.
She might come this evening.
David may invite Jesica to the match.
Jack might have gone to France. Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you think has a good possibility of being true.
Jane could be at work.
Peter could have arrived late. Use 'could' to express a possibilty which is one of many. This form is not as strong as 'might' or 'may'. It is just one of a number of possibilities.
You can't be serious!
They can't have worked until late.
Use 'can't' to express an opinion that you are 100% sure is NOT true.
Notice that the past form remains 'can't have done'
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PimsleurApproach.comStructure
In the present: Subject Modal Base Form Objects
I
You
He, She
We
They
must be
might be
could be
can't be at work.
In the past: Subject Modal Perfect Form Objects I
You
He, She
We
They
must have left
might have left
could have left
can't have left early.
Modal Verbs of Probability
Listed below are examples and uses of modal verbs of probability. Modal verbs of probability are used to express an opinion of the speaker based on information that the speaker has. Example: He must be at work, it's 10 o'clock. In this case, the speaker is 100 % sure that the person is at work based on the speaker's knowledge that the person in question usually works at during the day.Examples Usage
They must be in Spain by now.
She must have done well on the test. Use 'must' plus the verb when you are 100% (or almost 100%) sure that something is the case.
She might come this evening.
David may invite Jesica to the match.
Jack might have gone to France. Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you think has a good possibility of being true.
Jane could be at work.
Peter could have arrived late. Use 'could' to express a possibilty which is one of many. This form is not as strong as 'might' or 'may'. It is just one of a number of possibilities.
You can't be serious!
They can't have worked until late.
Use 'can't' to express an opinion that you are 100% sure is NOT true.
Notice that the past form remains 'can't have done'
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10% Off Plus Free Shipping Rosetta Stone® Official Site
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Pimsleur $9.95 + Free S&H
Best Pimsleur offer ever! Offer ends soon. Act now.
PimsleurApproach.comStructure
In the present: Subject Modal Base Form Objects
I
You
He, She
We
They
must be
might be
could be
can't be at work.
In the past: Subject Modal Perfect Form Objects I
You
He, She
We
They
must have left
might have left
could have left
can't have left early.
DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example: Direct speech Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said. He said he was going to the cinema.
Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold." › Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." › Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." › Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." › Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." › Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." › Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech Indirect speech
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." › would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can
She said, "I can teach English online." › could
She said she could teach English online.
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." › had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?" › should
She asked what we should learn today.
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?" › might
She asked if she might open a new browser.
!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.Direct speech Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said. He said he might go to the cinema.
You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-Direct speech Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.
She said her name was Lynne.
or
She said her name is Lynne.
You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.
She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.
Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.Today + 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations." She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening) › that (evening)
today › yesterday ...
these (days) › those (days)
now › then
(a week) ago › (a week) before
last weekend › the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here › there
next (week) › the following (week)
tomorrow › the next/following day
In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:- At work At home
"How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.
Pronoun change
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
For example: Me You
"I teach English online." She said she teaches English online.
Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
!Note - We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:-accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.
We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example: Direct speech Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said. He said he was going to the cinema.
Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold." › Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." › Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." › Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." › Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." › Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." › Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech Indirect speech
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." › would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can
She said, "I can teach English online." › could
She said she could teach English online.
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." › had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?" › should
She asked what we should learn today.
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?" › might
She asked if she might open a new browser.
!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.Direct speech Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said. He said he might go to the cinema.
You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-Direct speech Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.
She said her name was Lynne.
or
She said her name is Lynne.
You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.
She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.
Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.Today + 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations." She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening) › that (evening)
today › yesterday ...
these (days) › those (days)
now › then
(a week) ago › (a week) before
last weekend › the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here › there
next (week) › the following (week)
tomorrow › the next/following day
In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:- At work At home
"How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.
Pronoun change
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
For example: Me You
"I teach English online." She said she teaches English online.
Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
!Note - We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:-accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.
Descriptive Text
Descriptive Text
The aim of descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.
Text Structure
- Identification : Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described
- Description : Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features :
- Who? What?
- Using lingking verb and simple present tense
- Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase
- Attributive (the)
- Use of attributive and identifying process
Example Of Descriptive Text :
i have my dog,my dog is name buddy
Descriptive Text
The aim of descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.
Text Structure
- Identification : Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described
- Description : Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features :
- Who? What?
- Using lingking verb and simple present tense
- Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase
- Attributive (the)
- Use of attributive and identifying process
Example Of Descriptive Text :
i have my dog,my dog is name buddy
News Item
News Item
News Item
News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
- Generic Structure
Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event
- Signification grammar features :
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Generally using simple past tense
Use of material processes to retell the event
Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
Focus on circumstances
Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences
News Item
News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
- Generic Structure
Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event
- Signification grammar features :
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Generally using simple past tense
Use of material processes to retell the event
Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
Focus on circumstances
Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences
Finite Verbs
Finite Verbs
A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for you help! Has an interjection where it could have a subject and a fibite verb form compare I appreciate your help!
A verb is a world that expression an occurrence, act, or made, of being, finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include the infinite
Participles (e.g, the broken window..!, The wheezing gentleman…”)
Gerunds and gerundives
English has three kinds of verbals : participles, which function as adjectives, which have noun-like, adjective –like, and adverb-like functions each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in farming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as gerunds and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example :
The Finite verbs are the under lived work
THE CROWN AND THE FOX
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese she picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it. (…)
Source : International Story
A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for you help! Has an interjection where it could have a subject and a fibite verb form compare I appreciate your help!
A verb is a world that expression an occurrence, act, or made, of being, finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include the infinite
Participles (e.g, the broken window..!, The wheezing gentleman…”)
Gerunds and gerundives
English has three kinds of verbals : participles, which function as adjectives, which have noun-like, adjective –like, and adverb-like functions each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in farming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as gerunds and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example :
The Finite verbs are the under lived work
THE CROWN AND THE FOX
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese she picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it. (…)
Source : International Story
noun phrase
noun phrase
A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.
For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.
For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Simple Future
Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Complete List of Simple Future Forms
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Complete List of Simple Future Forms
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
INTRODUCTORY IT
INTRODUCTORY IT
A To sing this song is easy.
B It is easy to sing this song.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
IT IS PLEASANT TO WATCH MUSICAL PROGRAM.
To play football must be fun.
IT IS FUN TO PLAY FOOTBALL.
A To sing this song is easy.
B It is easy to sing this song.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
IT IS PLEASANT TO WATCH MUSICAL PROGRAM.
To play football must be fun.
IT IS FUN TO PLAY FOOTBALL.
ASKING FOR INFORMATION
ASKING FOR INFORMATION
Some examples of ASKING FOR INFORMATION :
• Do you know?
• I’d like to know
• I’m looking for
• Could you tell me?
• Could you give me a information?
Some examples of ASKING FOR INFORMATION :
• Do you know?
• I’d like to know
• I’m looking for
• Could you tell me?
• Could you give me a information?
Passive Voice
Passive Voice
1.Simple present Active
passive We
OB on RCTI watched
is watched OB on RCTI
(by us) everyday.
everyday.
2. Simple past Active
passive Rita
A letter wrote
was written a letter
by Rita yesterday.
yesterday.
3. Simple Future Active
passive My family
A villa will rent
will be rent a villa
by my family for holiday.
for holiday.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
Examples:
My mother makes sandwich every morning.
Subject verb1+s/es O C (adv. of time)
Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.
Subject to be+V3 Agent C (adv. of time)
present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle)
present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)
present continuous Active
Passive A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
present perfect Active
Passive Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Examples:
Active: John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive:
The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower.
Passive:
The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend.
1.Simple present Active
passive We
OB on RCTI watched
is watched OB on RCTI
(by us) everyday.
everyday.
2. Simple past Active
passive Rita
A letter wrote
was written a letter
by Rita yesterday.
yesterday.
3. Simple Future Active
passive My family
A villa will rent
will be rent a villa
by my family for holiday.
for holiday.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
Examples:
My mother makes sandwich every morning.
Subject verb1+s/es O C (adv. of time)
Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.
Subject to be+V3 Agent C (adv. of time)
present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle)
present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)
present continuous Active
Passive A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
present perfect Active
Passive Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Examples:
Active: John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive:
The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower.
Passive:
The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend.
OFFERING
OFFERING
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT
ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT
expression :
* do you remember?
* You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
* I wonder if you remember.....
* You remember...., don’t you?
* I’ll always remember.
* I can remember it clearly.
Respond :
* I’ll always remember.
* I can remember it clearly.
expression :
* do you remember?
* You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
* I wonder if you remember.....
* You remember...., don’t you?
* I’ll always remember.
* I can remember it clearly.
Respond :
* I’ll always remember.
* I can remember it clearly.
Vocabulary around house
Vocabulary around house
example dialog :
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
It's Saturday and Joan and Steve are decorating.
Joan : Steve, you missed a bit.
Steve : Where?
Joan : Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white.
Steve : Oh yes, I see it. It's difficult in this light.
Joan : I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go.
Steve : Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge?
Joan : Yes, but don't worry, I'm really good at wallpapering. I just wish that John would decide on what he wants his room doing in.
Steve : I know, it's difficult when you're a boy. At least he's grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he'll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome.
Joan : Yes, but it is his room. I'm glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead.
Steve : One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first.
Joan : Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too!
Steve : Hmmm, thanks. Here's a brush.
Attic People store things in the attic.
Ballroom A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room A small room used for storage.
Cellar Underneath the house.
Cloakroom A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room A room where people eat.
Drawing Room A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall The entrance passage to a house.
Larder A small room used for the storage of food.
Library A room where books are kept.
Lounge Another name for living room.
Music Room A room where people play music.
Office A room where people work.
Pantry A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room Another name for living room.
Spare Room/
Guest Room A room where guests sleep.
Toilet A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.
Things you may find around the house
light bulb(s) plug(s) socket(s) torch(es)
ceiling light(s) lamp(s) curtain(s) shelf (shelves)
(tele)phone(s) box(es) plug(s) battery (batteries)
photo(graph)(s) television table mirror
picture
washtafel
bathtupe lamp
example dialog :
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
It's Saturday and Joan and Steve are decorating.
Joan : Steve, you missed a bit.
Steve : Where?
Joan : Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white.
Steve : Oh yes, I see it. It's difficult in this light.
Joan : I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go.
Steve : Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge?
Joan : Yes, but don't worry, I'm really good at wallpapering. I just wish that John would decide on what he wants his room doing in.
Steve : I know, it's difficult when you're a boy. At least he's grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he'll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome.
Joan : Yes, but it is his room. I'm glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead.
Steve : One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first.
Joan : Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too!
Steve : Hmmm, thanks. Here's a brush.
Attic People store things in the attic.
Ballroom A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room A small room used for storage.
Cellar Underneath the house.
Cloakroom A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room A room where people eat.
Drawing Room A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall The entrance passage to a house.
Larder A small room used for the storage of food.
Library A room where books are kept.
Lounge Another name for living room.
Music Room A room where people play music.
Office A room where people work.
Pantry A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room Another name for living room.
Spare Room/
Guest Room A room where guests sleep.
Toilet A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.
Things you may find around the house
light bulb(s) plug(s) socket(s) torch(es)
ceiling light(s) lamp(s) curtain(s) shelf (shelves)
(tele)phone(s) box(es) plug(s) battery (batteries)
photo(graph)(s) television table mirror
picture
washtafel
bathtupe lamp
PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT
PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
Preposition Time Place
In Year, Month,
In 1999, In December Country, State, City
In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei
On Day, Date
On Saturday, On May 1 Street
On Main Street, On 1st Ave.
At Time
At 8:00, At 7:30 Address
At 815 East Main Street
In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place.
Examples:
A: Where's your office?
B: In Taipei, Taiwan.
A: Really? What part of Taipei?
B: It's on Chung Shan North Road.
A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?
B: It's at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.
C: When is the wedding?
D: It's in June.
C: What day?
D: It's on Saturday, the 25th.
C: What time?
D: It starts at 6:00.
Prepositions with articles and locations
When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
at the swimming pool (on site)
in the swimming pool (in the
pool itself i.e. in the water)
at the post office/bank (general)
in the post office/bank (inside the building)
at the zoo (visitors, general area)
in the zoo (animals in their cages)
at school
in the classroom
Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie)
I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building)
She works at the library on Wednesdays.
She found a rare coin in the library (building).
Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day.
John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates
the general situation. Note the following:
"practice"/situation
building
in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.)
in the school (building)
in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal)
in the jail/prison (temporary)
in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.)
in the church (building)
Where's Dad?
in church (attending services)
in the church (fixing the windows)
at church
at the church
in prison (He committed a crime.)
at the prison (visiting his friend)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
Preposition Time Place
In Year, Month,
In 1999, In December Country, State, City
In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei
On Day, Date
On Saturday, On May 1 Street
On Main Street, On 1st Ave.
At Time
At 8:00, At 7:30 Address
At 815 East Main Street
In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place.
Examples:
A: Where's your office?
B: In Taipei, Taiwan.
A: Really? What part of Taipei?
B: It's on Chung Shan North Road.
A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?
B: It's at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.
C: When is the wedding?
D: It's in June.
C: What day?
D: It's on Saturday, the 25th.
C: What time?
D: It starts at 6:00.
Prepositions with articles and locations
When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
at the swimming pool (on site)
in the swimming pool (in the
pool itself i.e. in the water)
at the post office/bank (general)
in the post office/bank (inside the building)
at the zoo (visitors, general area)
in the zoo (animals in their cages)
at school
in the classroom
Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie)
I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building)
She works at the library on Wednesdays.
She found a rare coin in the library (building).
Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day.
John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates
the general situation. Note the following:
"practice"/situation
building
in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.)
in the school (building)
in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal)
in the jail/prison (temporary)
in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.)
in the church (building)
Where's Dad?
in church (attending services)
in the church (fixing the windows)
at church
at the church
in prison (He committed a crime.)
at the prison (visiting his friend)
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The function of simple past tense:
1. To express that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
2. To describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was a younger, etc.
3. To describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.
The adverbs are usually used in the simple past tense sentences are :
• Yesterday
• Last…
• A week ago
• This morning
• Just now
• … ago
• Last week
• A few minutes ago
Formula :
S + Verb 2 + O +complement
Examples:
We went to the cinema last week
I ate fried rice yesterday
You cooked a crème brulee a few minutes ago
You/They/We + Were + Verb-ing
I/He/She/It + Was + Verb-ing
The function of simple past tense:
1. To express that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
2. To describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was a younger, etc.
3. To describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.
The adverbs are usually used in the simple past tense sentences are :
• Yesterday
• Last…
• A week ago
• This morning
• Just now
• … ago
• Last week
• A few minutes ago
Formula :
S + Verb 2 + O +complement
Examples:
We went to the cinema last week
I ate fried rice yesterday
You cooked a crème brulee a few minutes ago
You/They/We + Were + Verb-ing
I/He/She/It + Was + Verb-ing
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
To express habit, general truths, repeated action or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes
Adverb of time :
Always
Every
Often
Seldom
Usually
Sometimes
Never
Formula :
(+) He/She/It/ + Verb 1 + S/es
(-)He/She/It/ + does + not +Verb 1
(?) Does + He/She/It + Verb 1 + ?
(+) I/You/They/We + Verb 1
(-)I/You/They/We + do + not + Verb 1
Examples :
(+) I eat burger everyday
(-) I don’t eat burger everyday
(?) don’t I eat burger everyday?
To express habit, general truths, repeated action or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes
Adverb of time :
Always
Every
Often
Seldom
Usually
Sometimes
Never
Formula :
(+) He/She/It/ + Verb 1 + S/es
(-)He/She/It/ + does + not +Verb 1
(?) Does + He/She/It + Verb 1 + ?
(+) I/You/They/We + Verb 1
(-)I/You/They/We + do + not + Verb 1
Examples :
(+) I eat burger everyday
(-) I don’t eat burger everyday
(?) don’t I eat burger everyday?
GREETINGS
GREETINGS
Greeting is an expressions with aim to ask news or says thank you and think that is firstly is done when will talk.
Greeting Responding
Hello/Hi Hello/Hi
Good afternoon, Sir/Madam
Morning Morning
How are you Fine, thank you, and you?
How are things? Not bad at all
Greeting is an expressions with aim to ask news or says thank you and think that is firstly is done when will talk.
Greeting Responding
Hello/Hi Hello/Hi
Good afternoon, Sir/Madam
Morning Morning
How are you Fine, thank you, and you?
How are things? Not bad at all
WRITING : AUTOBIOGRAPHY
WRITING : AUTOBIOGRAPHY
Autobiography is a book about the life of a person, written by that person.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY THROUGH THE AGES
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD :
APOLOGIA
ORATION
CONFESSION
Autobiography is a book about the life of a person, written by that person.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY THROUGH THE AGES
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD :
APOLOGIA
ORATION
CONFESSION
analyze characters
identification of stories.
Types of characters:
1. Plot
2. Character
3. Setting
4. Theme
5. Point of view
6. Language style
1. PLOT
Story has certain arrangement of events which are taken to have a relation to one another.
2. CHARACTER
Character s in a work of story are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human experience.
3. SETTING
Stories requires a setting : this as in poetry may vary from the concrete to the general.
4. THEME
Theme is also important to, theme is especial idea which is used as base in writing down story mostly letter than implicit.
5. POINT OF VIEW
Point of view interpreted as a position of author to events in story.
6. LANGUAGE STYLE
Language style is the way to typically in laying open feeling or mind through language in the form of oral or article.
Types of characters:
1. Plot
2. Character
3. Setting
4. Theme
5. Point of view
6. Language style
1. PLOT
Story has certain arrangement of events which are taken to have a relation to one another.
2. CHARACTER
Character s in a work of story are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human experience.
3. SETTING
Stories requires a setting : this as in poetry may vary from the concrete to the general.
4. THEME
Theme is also important to, theme is especial idea which is used as base in writing down story mostly letter than implicit.
5. POINT OF VIEW
Point of view interpreted as a position of author to events in story.
6. LANGUAGE STYLE
Language style is the way to typically in laying open feeling or mind through language in the form of oral or article.
vocabs
Shapes is the external form or outline of anything.
more picture: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Body+Parts+pictures&FORM=MFEIMG&PUBL=GoTo comprehend and express the meaning of short functional and simple
more picture: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Body+Parts+pictures&FORM=MFEIMG&PUBL=GoTo comprehend and express the meaning of short functional and simple
HAPPINESS EXPRESSIONS
HAPPINESS EXPRESSIONS
Happiness expressions is an expression to show someone or people are glad or happy feelings.
EXPRESS HAPINESS:
I’M HAPPY
I’M GREAT
I’M WONDERFULL
FANTASTIC
I CAN’T SAY HOW PLEASED
I’M SO HAPPY TO HEAR THAT
AN EXCITING ADVENTURE
Happiness expressions is an expression to show someone or people are glad or happy feelings.
EXPRESS HAPINESS:
I’M HAPPY
I’M GREAT
I’M WONDERFULL
FANTASTIC
I CAN’T SAY HOW PLEASED
I’M SO HAPPY TO HEAR THAT
AN EXCITING ADVENTURE
Sympathy Expression
Sympathy expression is an expressions or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition.
How can we give sympathy expression to someone?
We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (sms), e-mail, television, radio and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.
Several expression of sympathy :
I’m sorry to hear that
Oh, dear
I know how it feels
Oh, you, poor little thing
I’m sorry for what’s happened
That’s a pity
Oh, no!
Look! This is not the end of the world
Don’t be sad
How can we give sympathy expression to someone?
We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (sms), e-mail, television, radio and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.
Several expression of sympathy :
I’m sorry to hear that
Oh, dear
I know how it feels
Oh, you, poor little thing
I’m sorry for what’s happened
That’s a pity
Oh, no!
Look! This is not the end of the world
Don’t be sad
Giving instruction
Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.
The difference between request and instructions
Instructions (also called imperatives)
Instructions require the person receiving them to do something, or to stop doing it. Therefore, instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually “you” (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the “naming” form – the vocative is used.
Requests
Request are often questions, though indirect request may not be. Sometimes an instruction is changed into a request by the addition of “please” or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might use the subjunctive form of the verb. Very often English request are indirect. Instead of asking someone to do something, the speaker asks if the person is able to do it. Therefore modals of ability (“Can”, “May”, etc) are very often used.
The difference between request and instructions
Instructions (also called imperatives)
Instructions require the person receiving them to do something, or to stop doing it. Therefore, instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually “you” (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the “naming” form – the vocative is used.
Requests
Request are often questions, though indirect request may not be. Sometimes an instruction is changed into a request by the addition of “please” or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might use the subjunctive form of the verb. Very often English request are indirect. Instead of asking someone to do something, the speaker asks if the person is able to do it. Therefore modals of ability (“Can”, “May”, etc) are very often used.
recount text
RECOUNT TEXT to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.
Recount text has three elements :
Orientation
Events
Re-orientation
GENERIC STRUCTURE :
Orientation : Provides the setting and introduction participants.
Events : Tell what happened in sequence.
Re-orientation : Optional closure of events.
SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Focus on specific participants
Use of material process
Circumstances of time and place
Use of past tense
Focus on temporal sequence
Example
Every April 21, people in Indonesia commemorate the Kartini day. It is
a beautiful day for the woman because we celebrate the birth of great
lady, RA. Kartini. Everyone knows who kartini is. She is our national
heroine and a great lady with the bright idea.
Kartini was born in 1879, April 21 in Mayong Jepara. Her father was
RMAA. Sosroningrat, Wedana (assistant of head of regency) in Mayong.
Her mother, MA Ngasirah was a girl from Teluk Awur village in Jepara.
As the daughter of a noble family, she felt luck because she got more
than the ordinary people got. She got better education than other
children. She did anything she wants although it was forbidden. She
passed her childhood with her brother and sister. Because she was very
energetic, her father called her "trinil"
Then her father was chosen as Bupati (the head of regency) in Jepara.
She and her family then moved from Mayong to Jepara. In the same year,
Kartini's second sister RA Kardinah was born. The environment in Jepara
gave her big chance to develop her idea. She could study at the Dutch
owned school where only children from noble family could study here.
Few years after finishing her study, RA. Kartini was willing to
continue her study in higher level. But the custom of that day forbid a
woman to go to school. A tradition of that time, a teenage girl should
be secluded and limited her activity. So was Kartini. She was secluded
inside the house and forbidden to go out until a man propose her. The
rule could restrict her body but not her mind. During her "pingitan"
time, she spent her time by reading book which she got from her
relatives.
Although she was not able to continue her study to higher level, she
was smart had a bright idea. She got the knowledge from the books she
read. To express her idea, she established a school for local people on
the backyard of Jepara city hall.
In November 12,1903, she married Adipati Djoyodiningrat, the head of
Rembang regency. According to Javanese tradition Kartini had to follow
her husband. Then she moved to Rembang.
In September 13, 1904 she gave a birth to her son. His name was
Singgih. But after giving birth to a son, her condition was getting
worse and she finally passed away on September 17, 1904 on her 25 years
old.
Now Kartini has gone. But her spirit and dream will always be in our
heart. Nowadays Indonesian women progress is influenced by Kartini's
spirit stated on collection of letter "Habis gelap terbitlah terang"
from the dusk to the dawn.
Recount text has three elements :
Orientation
Events
Re-orientation
GENERIC STRUCTURE :
Orientation : Provides the setting and introduction participants.
Events : Tell what happened in sequence.
Re-orientation : Optional closure of events.
SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Focus on specific participants
Use of material process
Circumstances of time and place
Use of past tense
Focus on temporal sequence
Example
Every April 21, people in Indonesia commemorate the Kartini day. It is
a beautiful day for the woman because we celebrate the birth of great
lady, RA. Kartini. Everyone knows who kartini is. She is our national
heroine and a great lady with the bright idea.
Kartini was born in 1879, April 21 in Mayong Jepara. Her father was
RMAA. Sosroningrat, Wedana (assistant of head of regency) in Mayong.
Her mother, MA Ngasirah was a girl from Teluk Awur village in Jepara.
As the daughter of a noble family, she felt luck because she got more
than the ordinary people got. She got better education than other
children. She did anything she wants although it was forbidden. She
passed her childhood with her brother and sister. Because she was very
energetic, her father called her "trinil"
Then her father was chosen as Bupati (the head of regency) in Jepara.
She and her family then moved from Mayong to Jepara. In the same year,
Kartini's second sister RA Kardinah was born. The environment in Jepara
gave her big chance to develop her idea. She could study at the Dutch
owned school where only children from noble family could study here.
Few years after finishing her study, RA. Kartini was willing to
continue her study in higher level. But the custom of that day forbid a
woman to go to school. A tradition of that time, a teenage girl should
be secluded and limited her activity. So was Kartini. She was secluded
inside the house and forbidden to go out until a man propose her. The
rule could restrict her body but not her mind. During her "pingitan"
time, she spent her time by reading book which she got from her
relatives.
Although she was not able to continue her study to higher level, she
was smart had a bright idea. She got the knowledge from the books she
read. To express her idea, she established a school for local people on
the backyard of Jepara city hall.
In November 12,1903, she married Adipati Djoyodiningrat, the head of
Rembang regency. According to Javanese tradition Kartini had to follow
her husband. Then she moved to Rembang.
In September 13, 1904 she gave a birth to her son. His name was
Singgih. But after giving birth to a son, her condition was getting
worse and she finally passed away on September 17, 1904 on her 25 years
old.
Now Kartini has gone. But her spirit and dream will always be in our
heart. Nowadays Indonesian women progress is influenced by Kartini's
spirit stated on collection of letter "Habis gelap terbitlah terang"
from the dusk to the dawn.
narative text
Narrative text is a text to amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in the different ways.
Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kinds, which in turns finds a resolution.
The generic structure of a narrative text :
Orientation : Sets the scene and introduces the participans.
Complications : A crisis arises.
Resolution : The crisis resolved, for better or for worse.
Example :
Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step mother and two step sisters.
The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear.
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king’s son was going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they had left.
“Why are crying, Cinderella?” a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing beside her, “because I want so much to go to the ball” said Cinderella. “Well” said the godmother,”you’ve been such a cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball”.
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella’s raged dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass slippers. “Now, Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave before midnight”. Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
A few days later, the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the king’s page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to see her again. They were married and live happily ever after.
Notes on Generic Structure of Narrative Text
Orientation: it means to introduce the participants or the characters of the story with the time and place set. Orientation actually exists in every text type though it has different term. In this story, the first paragraph is clearly seen to introduce the participants of the Cinderella Story. They were Cinderella her self as the main character of the story, her step mother which treated Cinderella badly, and her steps sister which supported her mother to make Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced as a hero in this story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step mother and sisters.
Complication: it is such the crisis of the story. If there is not the crisis, the story is not a narrative text. In a long story, the complication appears in several situations. It means that some time there is more then one complication. In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major Complication and Minor Complication.
The second paragraph is the major complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella got bad treatment from her stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into several minor complications which Cinderella has to overcome.
Resolution: it is the final series of the events which happen in the story. The resolution can be good or bad. The point is that it has been accomplished by the characters. Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is said that finally Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy resolution of the bad treatment.
Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kinds, which in turns finds a resolution.
The generic structure of a narrative text :
Orientation : Sets the scene and introduces the participans.
Complications : A crisis arises.
Resolution : The crisis resolved, for better or for worse.
Example :
Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step mother and two step sisters.
The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear.
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king’s son was going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they had left.
“Why are crying, Cinderella?” a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing beside her, “because I want so much to go to the ball” said Cinderella. “Well” said the godmother,”you’ve been such a cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball”.
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella’s raged dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass slippers. “Now, Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave before midnight”. Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
A few days later, the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the king’s page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to see her again. They were married and live happily ever after.
Notes on Generic Structure of Narrative Text
Orientation: it means to introduce the participants or the characters of the story with the time and place set. Orientation actually exists in every text type though it has different term. In this story, the first paragraph is clearly seen to introduce the participants of the Cinderella Story. They were Cinderella her self as the main character of the story, her step mother which treated Cinderella badly, and her steps sister which supported her mother to make Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced as a hero in this story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step mother and sisters.
Complication: it is such the crisis of the story. If there is not the crisis, the story is not a narrative text. In a long story, the complication appears in several situations. It means that some time there is more then one complication. In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major Complication and Minor Complication.
The second paragraph is the major complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella got bad treatment from her stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into several minor complications which Cinderella has to overcome.
Resolution: it is the final series of the events which happen in the story. The resolution can be good or bad. The point is that it has been accomplished by the characters. Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is said that finally Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy resolution of the bad treatment.
Sabtu, 02 Januari 2010
appointment
Making appointment
I’d like to make an appointment with kristian
I want to make an appoinment to see.........
I’d like you to come and see
Can i come and see you?
I’ll be there
What about..... (thank you)
Accepting an appointment
All right, see ypu there
No problem, i’m free
On......(Thursday)
Be there on time
I’ll wait for you
It’s a deal
Changing an appointment
What about........ (Thursday at 04.00 p.m.)
Is that ok, if we meet at
Could we change the schedule of the meeting?
Well, i must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!
Do you have another time this afternoon
Canceling an appointment
I’m terrible sorry i have to put off my appointment
I’m sorry, i’m very busy
I’m afraid i have to postpone my appointment with.......(dr.stephen Tong) tomorrow morning
I’d like to make an appointment with kristian
I want to make an appoinment to see.........
I’d like you to come and see
Can i come and see you?
I’ll be there
What about..... (thank you)
Accepting an appointment
All right, see ypu there
No problem, i’m free
On......(Thursday)
Be there on time
I’ll wait for you
It’s a deal
Changing an appointment
What about........ (Thursday at 04.00 p.m.)
Is that ok, if we meet at
Could we change the schedule of the meeting?
Well, i must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!
Do you have another time this afternoon
Canceling an appointment
I’m terrible sorry i have to put off my appointment
I’m sorry, i’m very busy
I’m afraid i have to postpone my appointment with.......(dr.stephen Tong) tomorrow morning
Listening make me a copy please
Description :
Often time’s students are not able to communicate cleary what they would like3 to say. It is the purpose of this lesson to help student understand the need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another students. In addtion the students listening will learn to be a more effective listener.
Goals :
Students will understand the need to be articulate when communicating.
Background Information :
This activity will teach students to explain what they see and guide other students in repoducing the drawing by what they are told.
Objectives :
1. The students will use descriptive explications to guide other students in completing the task
2. the student will explain the importance of being articulate and frustration when directions are unclear.
Concepts :
1. Explain and articulate the steps to reproducing a drawing.
2. Follow directions as closely as possible
3. communicate with fellow students to accomplish the given task.
Often time’s students are not able to communicate cleary what they would like3 to say. It is the purpose of this lesson to help student understand the need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another students. In addtion the students listening will learn to be a more effective listener.
Goals :
Students will understand the need to be articulate when communicating.
Background Information :
This activity will teach students to explain what they see and guide other students in repoducing the drawing by what they are told.
Objectives :
1. The students will use descriptive explications to guide other students in completing the task
2. the student will explain the importance of being articulate and frustration when directions are unclear.
Concepts :
1. Explain and articulate the steps to reproducing a drawing.
2. Follow directions as closely as possible
3. communicate with fellow students to accomplish the given task.
perfect tense
Present Perfect Tense is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been secluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.
Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form:
I have arrived.
A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has:
I have not arrived.
Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has:
Has she arrived?
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened
Examples:
(+) We had eaten before they came
(-) The had not eaten before we came
(?) Had they eaten before we came?
The pattern :
(+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement
(-) Subject + had not+verb III+complement
(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement
Future perfect tense is used to describe an event that has not yet happened but is expected or planned to happen before another stated occurrence.
The structure of future perfect tense
Example:
(+)Subject+ will+ have+ v3
I will have finished by 11 a.m.
(-)Subject+ will+ not+ have+ v3
He will not have gone to school
(?)Will+ subject+ have+ v3+ ?
Will you have arrived ?
Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form:
I have arrived.
A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has:
I have not arrived.
Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has:
Has she arrived?
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened
Examples:
(+) We had eaten before they came
(-) The had not eaten before we came
(?) Had they eaten before we came?
The pattern :
(+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement
(-) Subject + had not+verb III+complement
(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement
Future perfect tense is used to describe an event that has not yet happened but is expected or planned to happen before another stated occurrence.
The structure of future perfect tense
Example:
(+)Subject+ will+ have+ v3
I will have finished by 11 a.m.
(-)Subject+ will+ not+ have+ v3
He will not have gone to school
(?)Will+ subject+ have+ v3+ ?
Will you have arrived ?
Advertisement
Adversiting is a communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them. Many advertisement are also designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creatiopn and reinforcement of brand layalty. For these purposes advertisement often contain both factual information and persuasive messages. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including : television, radio, movies, magazines, news paper, video games, the internet and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an adversiting agency an be half of a company.
Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.
Function of advertisement
Promotion
Communication
Information
In making an advertisement keep the following points
Languange of advertisement :
Using the correct or suitable words
Using the interestingand sugestive expression
Using positive expressions
Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals.
Content of advertisement
Objective
Brief and clear
Not allude group or other producer
Content of advertisement
Objective and honest
Brief and clear
Not allude group or other producer
Advertisment have 2 meaning
Advertisement is a comercial solication designed to sell some comodity, service or similar.
companies try to sell their product using.
Advertisement in form or palacards, television, sports and print publication
advertisement is a public notice.
the city council placed an advertisement in the local newspaper in informs it resident of the forthcam in road works .
advertisement is refers to all people many advertisement are designed to generate increased consumption of those product and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand image “N”barand loyality.
Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.
Function of advertisement
Promotion
Communication
Information
In making an advertisement keep the following points
Languange of advertisement :
Using the correct or suitable words
Using the interestingand sugestive expression
Using positive expressions
Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals.
Content of advertisement
Objective
Brief and clear
Not allude group or other producer
Content of advertisement
Objective and honest
Brief and clear
Not allude group or other producer
Advertisment have 2 meaning
Advertisement is a comercial solication designed to sell some comodity, service or similar.
companies try to sell their product using.
Advertisement in form or palacards, television, sports and print publication
advertisement is a public notice.
the city council placed an advertisement in the local newspaper in informs it resident of the forthcam in road works .
advertisement is refers to all people many advertisement are designed to generate increased consumption of those product and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand image “N”barand loyality.
gaining attention
Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.
If you wan to gain attention of some people you can use this :
Attention, please
May I have your attention, please
Excuses me, look here
Listen to me, please
Waiter
I’m sorry, but
Wow really?
Example :
Dono : “excuse me, anybody here can give me some food?”
Adi : “listen to me guys, if we still noisy in class, we will get punishment.”
Announcement
Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make know what was happned or (more often) what will happen.
In writing an announcement keep the following point :
The title/type of event
Date/time , place and
Contact person
We can find the announcement on television, radio, news paper, billboard, magazine, etc
giving instructions
Giving intructions is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.
The example expressions of giving instructions
Open your book
Close the door, please
Move the chair
Open the window
Pass me the sugar, please
Stand up, please
Note : the tense used in giving instructions is “simple present”
invitation
Defination of invitation :
Invitation is a way to invite some one or more to go to a plaace or to do something or a request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something.
The are two types of invitation :
Formal infitation is usually originate from institutes, companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family,etc. informal invitations can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
Accepting (menerima)
o I’d love to
o I like that
o Tahat sounds great
o Thank you for the invitations
o That would be wonderful
o I’d be glad to
o That sounds like fun
o It’s very nice of you to invite me
o It sounds interesting
Declining (menolak)
o Love to, but I can’t
o I’m really sorry because I can’t come
o Sorry, I’m really busy
o I’d love to, but I won’t be able to
o I’d love to but I don’t think I can.
present tense
Present tense is simple form which used to express situation going into effect in this time. Like habit, everyday fact or natural phenomenon.
Formula
S+V1+O
The simple present tense is used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes : I smoke (habit); i work in london (unchanging situations); london is a large city (general truth)
Verbal sentence affirmative form S+V1(-s/es)+object
Negative form S+do/does+not+v1+object
Interogative form do/does+S+V1+object?
Characteristic :
Actions that happen now or todaysome presenttense verbs have ïng”,”s”,”or”, “es” on the end of them
Clue words “ow today”
Examples
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I, you, we, they like coffee.
He, she, it likes coffee.
- I, you, we, they do not like coffee.
He, she, it does not like coffee.
? Do I, you, we, they like coffee?
Does he, she, it like coffee?
Formula
S+V1+O
The simple present tense is used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes : I smoke (habit); i work in london (unchanging situations); london is a large city (general truth)
Verbal sentence affirmative form S+V1(-s/es)+object
Negative form S+do/does+not+v1+object
Interogative form do/does+S+V1+object?
Characteristic :
Actions that happen now or todaysome presenttense verbs have ïng”,”s”,”or”, “es” on the end of them
Clue words “ow today”
Examples
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I, you, we, they like coffee.
He, she, it likes coffee.
- I, you, we, they do not like coffee.
He, she, it does not like coffee.
? Do I, you, we, they like coffee?
Does he, she, it like coffee?
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